Lääkikseen eli pänttäyskertomus: Lisäjuttua happojen ja emästen protoninsiirtoreaktioista

Jun 10, 2009

Lisäjuttua happojen ja emästen protoninsiirtoreaktioista

Diagnosis by Pikkis - reported on Wednesday, June 10, 2009

'
- hyvin vahvat mineraalihapot (esim. kloorivety HCl, typpihappo, jodivety, bromivety) dissosioituvat kokonaan joka olosuhteessa (+H2O->happo-emäsreaktio)
-> pH suoraan hapon konsentraatiosta
Huom! hydroksideilla vedessä dissosioituminen = suolan kationi- ja anioniosan erottuminen (ei happo-emäsreaktio)
- osin dissosioituvat hapot ja emäkset: liuoksen pH:n laskenta ei yhtä suoraviivaista, sillä pH riippuu myös hapon happovakiosta

-> protonien luovutustaipumus vaihtelee!

Polyproottiset hapot ja emäkset:
- moniarvoisia happoja ja emäksiä
- voivat luovuttaa/vastaanottaa useamman protonin
- esim. fosforihappo
* protoninluovutus kolmessa vaiheessa
-> happovakio (pKa) kasvaa joka kerta
-> fysiologisen pH:n lähellä liuoksessa lähinnä divetyfosfaattia ja monovetyfosfaattia ??
... (selvitä ja lue tarkemmin)

Hiilihappo:
- polyproottinen happo
- ei voi eristää vesiliuoksesta
- sen suolat:
1. natriumvetykarbonaatti (natriumbikarbonaatti)
2. kalsiumkarbonaatti
* voi kiteyttää kuivaan muotoon
- hiilidioksidi + vesi
-> hiilihappo
* Henryn laki
-> ilman hiilidioksidi happamoittaa lievästi vettä!
Tarkenna!

- väkevät emäsliuokset sitovat tehokkaasti hiilidioksidia
Selvitä ja lue tarkemmin!

Käsitteitä

anioni
dissosioituminen
happo-emäsreaktio
happojen oksoniumionikonsentraatio
happovakio (pKa)
Henryn laki
hydroksidi-ionikonsentraatioiden tulo (veden ionitulo, vakio kaikissa vesiliuoksissa)
kationi
mineraalihappo
pH
polyproottinen emäs ??
polyproottinen happo ??
veden ionitulo (hydroksidi-ionikonsentraatioiden tulo, vakio kaikissa vesiliuoksissa)

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Lääkisvitsejä

Four surgeons were sitting around discussing who they like to operate on. The first surgeon said: "I like operating on librarians. When you open them up everything is in alphabetical order." The second surgeon said: "I like operating on accountants. When you open them up everything is in numerical order." The third surgeon said: "I like operating on electricians. When you open them up everything is color coded." The fourth surgeon said: "I like operatingon lawyers." The other three surgeons looked at each other in disbelief. One of them asked: "Why?" The fourth surgeon replied: "Because they are heartless, gutless, spineless, and their ass and head are interchangeable."

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From Medical Charts

* Patient has two teenage children, but no other abnormalities. * Patient has chest pain if she lies on her left side for over a year. * On the second day, the knee was better, and then on the third day it disappeared. * The patient is tearful and crying constantly. She also appears to be depressed. * The patient has been depressed since she began seeing me in 1993. * Discharge status: Alive, but without my permission. * Healthy-appearing decrepit 69-year old male, mentally alert but forgetful. * The patient refused autopsy. * The patient has no previous history of suicides. * Patient has left white blood cells at another hospital. * Patient's medical history has been remarkably insignificant with only a 40-pound weight gain in the last three days.* Patient had waffles for breakfast and anorexia for lunch. * Between you and me, we ought to be able to get this lady pregnant.* Since she can't get pregnant with her husband, I thought you might want to work her up.* She is numb from her toes down.* While in ER, she was examined, x-rated and sent home.* The skin was moist and dry. * Occasional, constant, infrequent headaches.* Patient was alert and unresponsive. * She stated that she had been constipated for most of her life until she got a divorce.* Rectal examination revealed a normal-size thyroid.* I saw your patient today, who is still under our car for physical therapy.* Both breasts are equal and reactive to light and accommodation.* Examination of genitalia reveals that he is circus-sized.* The lab test indicated abnormal lover function. * The patient was to have a bowel resection.* However, he took a job as a stockbroker instead. * Skin: somewhat pale but present.* The pelvic exam will be done later on the floor.* Patient was seen in consultation by Dr. ____, who felt we should sit on the abdomen and I agree. * Large brown stool ambulating in the hall. * She has no rigors or shaking chills, but her husband states she was hot in bed last night.* Patient was found in bed with her power mower.

As the doctor completed an examination of the patient, he said: "I can't find a cause for your complaint. Frankly, I think it's due to drinking." "In that case," said the patient, "I'll come back when you're sober."

Lääkikseen eli pänttäyskertomus

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Jun 10, 2009

Lisäjuttua happojen ja emästen protoninsiirtoreaktioista

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